Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Co-Infections: Clinical Profiles and Management Strategies
Main Article Content
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) along with pulmonary co-infections in patients became a grave concern to public health complicating the disease diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. It became a challenge to healthcare professionals urging to develop new diagnostic tools and treatment regimens. This paper reviews the complex interplay and management strategies for Tuberculosis patients with co-infections. It encompasses antimicrobial therapy tailored to particular pathogens, including their susceptibility profiles to antibiotics, and understanding the potential implications of drug interactions with anti- Tuberculosis medications. In cases of co-infection between Tuberculosis and Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (HIV), a particular focus is placed on the significance of synergistic methods and treatment duration.
Moreover, immunomodulatory drugs, immunotherapies, cellular treatments, adjunct therapies, and immunomodulatory agents that are customised to the patient's immunological status and co-infecting pathogens emerge as a crucial component. Mitigating the transmission of pulmonary co-infections requires the implementation of infection control measures in both healthcare settings and communities. A strong barrier against the spread of tuberculosis and related illnesses is formed by administrative, engineering, and personal protective measures combined with screening, education, isolation, and contact tracking.
Prospective approaches underscore the necessity for enhanced diagnostic instruments, promoting cutting-edge technologies including molecular diagnostics, immunological tests, radiological imaging, biosensors, and point-of-care diagnostics. Comprehensive management is emphasised through multidisciplinary care comprising pulmonologists, infectious disease experts, microbiologists, and immunologists. Priorities for research include combination medications, new therapeutic approaches, personalised medicine, and developing diagnostic techniques to improve knowledge of and treatments for pulmonary co-infections.
Article Details
How to Cite
ZAIDI, Ilham et al.
Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Co-Infections: Clinical Profiles and Management Strategies.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 12, dec. 2023.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/4897>. Date accessed: 05 may 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v11i12.4897.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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doi:10.4103/1947-2714.114169
15. Bell LCK, Noursadeghi M. Pathogenesis of HIV-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis co-infection. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018;16(2):80-90. doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2017.128
16. Yang Q, Han J, Shen J, Peng X, Zhou L, Yin X. Diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in adults with HIV. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022;101(35):e30405. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000030405
17. Bates M, Mudenda V, Shibemba A, et al. Burden of tuberculosis at post mortem in inpatients at a tertiary referral centre in sub-Saharan Africa: a prospective descriptive autopsy study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(5):544-551. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(15)70058-7
18. Cattamanchi A, Smith R, Steingart KR, et al. Interferon-gamma release assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in HIV-infected individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999. 2011;56(3):230-238. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e31820b07ab
19. Aabye MG, Ravn P, PrayGod G, et al. The impact of HIV infection and CD4 cell count on the performance of an interferon gamma release assay in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. PloS One. 2009;4(1):e4220. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004220
20. Yoon C, Semitala FC, Atuhumuza E, et al. Point-of-care C-reactive protein-based tuberculosis screening for people living with HIV: a diagnostic accuracy study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(12):1285-1292.
doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30488-7
21. Shapiro AE, Hong T, Govere S, et al. C-reactive protein as a screening test for HIV-associated pulmonary tuberculosis prior to antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. AIDS Lond Engl. 2018;32(13):1811-1820. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000001902
22. Lawn SD, Kerkhoff AD, Vogt M, Wood R. Diagnostic and prognostic value of serum C-reactive protein for screening for HIV-associated tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis Off J Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013;17(5):636-643. doi:10.5588/ijtld.12.0811
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